Volumen 43, N 2, 2011. Pginas 283-292Chungara, Revista de Antropologa ChilenaMORPHOMETRIC AND mtDNA ANALYSES OF ARCHAIC SKELETAL REMAINS FROM SOUTHWESTERN SOUTH AMERICAANLISIS MORFOMTRICO Y DE ADNmt DE RESTOS ESQUELETALES ARCAICOS DEL SUROESTE DE SUDAMRICAGermn Manrquez1, Mauricio Moraga1, Calogero Santoro2,3,4, Eugenio Aspillaga5,2 Bernardo T. Arriaza2,3, and Francisco Rothhammer1,2.For decades anthropologists have discussed how and when the Americas were peopled. The prevailing view is that the first Paleoindians, ancestors of the Amerindians, arrived from Asia and Beringia to the American continent using a Pacific coastal route in pre-Clovis times. In this article skeletal remains dated 9000-4000 BP, excavated from archaeological sites in northern, central and southern Chile, were analyzed using geometric morphometric and ancient mtDNA techniques. Results indicate that the ancient cranial material from southwestern South America exhibit a wide range of cranial vault shape variation which is independent of chronology.
MtDNA restriction and sequence analysis performed on the same skeletal remains, revealed only the presence of the main four founding mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C and D) as early as 9,000 BP. Our results using morphometric and molecular mtDNA haplogroup data show that human populations inhabiting the Americas during archaic times can not be considered as belonging to two different groups on the basis of analyzed data. These results are consistent with those recently obtained using complete sequence mtDNA analyses. Key words: Paleoindian and archaic crania; geometric morphometrics; ancient mtDNA; peopling of America.Durante dcadas los antroplogos han discutido cmo y cundo Amrica fue poblada.
El punto de vista predominante al res-pecto plantea que los primeros paleoindios, poblacin amerindia ancestral, lleg en una poca pre-Clovis desde Asia y Beringia utilizando como ruta la costa pacfica del continente. En el presente trabajo se analizan mediante morfometra geomtrica y tcnicas de ADNmt antiguo restos esqueletales de 9.000-4.000 aos a.p., excavados de sitios arqueolgicos del Norte, Centro y Sur de Chile. Nuestros resultados muestran que el material craneano arcaico del suroeste de Amrica exhibe un amplio rango de variacin de la forma de la bveda, la cual es independiente de la cronologa de los crneos.
El anlisis del ADNmt realizado en los mismos restos esqueletales revela la presencia slo de los cuatro haplogrupos fundadores (A, B, C y D) desde los 9.000 a.p. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de datos morfomtricos y de mtDNA muestran que, considerando los rasgos analizados, las poblaciones humanas que habitaron Amrica durante la poca arcaica no constituyen dos grupos diferentes. Estos resultados son consistentes con los anlisis de secuencias completas de DNA mitocondrial recientemente obtenidos.
Palabras claves: crneos arcaicos y paleoindios, morfometra geomtrica, ADNmt antiguo, poblamiento de Amrica.1 Programa de Gentica Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomdicas, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile. [email protected]; [email protected] Instituto de Alta Investigacin, Universidad de Tarapac. Arica, Chile. [email protected]; [email protected] author: [email protected] Departamento de Antropologa, Universidad de Tarapac.
Arica, Chile.4 Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Universidad de Tarapac. Arica, Chile.5 Departamento de Antropologa, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile. [email protected]: noviembre 2009. Aceptado: diciembre 2010, revisado: marzo 2011.The aim of this study is to present a geometric morphometric analysis of the earliest skeletal remains uncovered in archaeological sites along the southwestern coast of South America. This ancient skeletal material may contribute to the debate about the colonization of the Americas, which has been the object of recent reviews (Goebel et al.
2008; Waters and Stanford 2008; Gonzalez-Jose et al. 2008; Dillehay 2009; Rothhammer and Dillehay 2009).
Of particular interest is the comparison between this ancient skeletal remains and Brazilian skeletal material showing two cranial morphologies which apparently could be traced back to two different migrational events (Neves and Hubbe 2005). Additionally, ancient mtDNA data obtained from the skeletal remains from Chilean archaeological G. Aspillaga, B.T.
Arriaza, and F. Rothhammer284sites were analyzed, in order to search for molecular signatures of these two hypothetical migrations.The first colonization of South America may have occurred along the western coast, exihibiting an early pattern of maritime adaptation and coastal navigation and /or through the Andean Highlands (Rothhammer and Dillehay 2009). Solid archaeological evidence dating from 12500 BP, uncovered in southern Chile, indicates that the arrival of the first colonizers to this region occurred during pre-Clovis times (Dillehay 1999). Archaeological evidence provided radiocarbon dates close to 1,0000 BP for the sites of Las Vegas in Ecuador and Quebradas Tachahuay and Jaguay in Per (Keefer et al. 1998; Sandweiss et al.1998; Stothert 1998; Wisner 1999). Chronologies between 10,000 and 8,000 BP are characteristic of southwestern South Americas early sites of Quebrada de Acha, Huentelauquen, Piuquenes Cave, Tagua Tagua (Cuchipuy), Monte Verde and Bao Nuevo (Dillehay 1999; Kaltwasser et al. 1984; Mena et al.
2003; Muoz et al. 1993; Schiappacasse and Niemeyer 1984).Material and MethodsCranial samplesTwenty seven Early, Middle, and Late Archaic skulls from Northern, Central and Southern Chile (Table 1) were photographed in lateral and frontal views with a FujiFilm FinePix 6900 digital camera under controlled distance and light conditions, and digitilized to obtain matrices of landmark coordinates (Table 2, Figure 1).
Because of the partial or total fragmentation of facial bones belonging to the skulls from Tagua Tagua (Cuchipuy), the morphometric analysis of the sample was based on the register of cranial vaults. For comparative purposes we considered three paradigmatic Brazilian skulls from the region of Lagoa Santa studied by the authors of the Dual Migration Hypothesis (Neves and Hubbe 2005; Neves et al. 2003; Neves et al. Ideally, a larger sample should have been included in the analysis, but access to this published material was the unique available source. It is worth highlighting though that given the craniometric homogeneity of Lagoa Santa remains, the sample may serve for comparative purposes. Cultural and chronological information about the Chilean skulls was obtained from records available at the institutions housing the collections: Museo Arqueolgico de San Miguel de Azapa, Arica; Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago; Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Museo Regional, Rancagua and Museo de Arte Precolombino, Santiago.mtDNA SamplesAncient mtDNA was extracted from 55 samples of skeletal remains belonging to 48 individuals.
Positive results obtained from 30 of our sample are shown in Table 3. Bone fragments (11 samples from 6 individuals) were obtained from Quebrada de Acha (Muoz et al.
Three of these samples are dated 7,570 40, BP 8,970 255 BP, and 8,120 90 BP. In addition, 18 samples from 17 individuals from the Table 1.
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